NeMugovera 15 Kubvumbi 1989, vamwe vateveri veLiverpool makumi mapfumbamwe nevatanhatu vakapinda musemi-fainari yeFA Cup pakati peLiverpool neNottingham Forest vakaurayiwa pakaitika mhirizhonga muHillsborough Stadium muSheffield.Zvakawanda kumarwadzo emhuri dzevakabatwa, nzira yepamutemo yekusimbisa chokwadi uye kupa mhosva yenjodzi yeHillsborough yakatsungirira kwemakore anopfuura makumi matatu.
Nekufa kwe96 uye kukuvara kwe766, Hillsborough inoramba iri njodzi yakaipisisa yemitambo munhoroondo yeBritish.
Gare gare gore rino, mutambo mutsva weITV Anne achaongorora kuyedza kwaAnne Williams kutsvaga chokwadi chezvakaitika, mushure mekunge aramba kutenda rekodhi yerufu rwemwanakomana wake ane makore gumi nematanhatu Kevin kuHillsborough.
Pano, munyori wenhoroondo dzemitambo Simon Inglis anotsanangura kuti njodzi yeHillsborough yakaitika sei uye nei kurwa kwemutemo kuratidza kuti vateveri veLiverpool vakaurayiwa zvisiri pamutemo kwakatora makore anopfuura makumi maviri nemanomwe…
Muzana ramakore rechi20, Mukombe weFA - wakavambwa muna 1871 uye zviri pachena kuti makwikwi enhabvu epasi rose ane mukurumbira pasi rose - akakwezva mhomho yevanhu.Zvinyorwa zvevapindi zvakanga zvakajairika.Wembley Stadium ingadai isina kugadzirwa, sezvazvaive muna 1922–23, dai pasina kukwezva kunoshamisa kweMukombe.
Sechinyakare, mukombe semi-fainari yaitambwa panzvimbo dzisina kwayakarerekera, imwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa iri Hillsborough, kumba kweSheffield Chitatu.Kunyangwe kudaidzwa kwepedyo apo vateveri makumi matatu nevasere vakakuvadzwa panguva yesemi-fainari muna 1981, Hillsborough, ine huwandu hwayo hwemakumi mashanu neina, yakatorwa seimwe yezvikonzero zvakanaka kwazvo zveBritain.
Saizvozvo, mu1988 yakabata imwe semi, Liverpool v Nottingham Forest, pasina chiitiko.Saka zvakaita sesarudzo iri pachena apo, zvakangoitika, makirabhu maviri aya akadhonzwa kuti asangane mumutambo mumwe chete gore rakatevera, musi wa15 Kubvumbi 1989.
Zvisinei nekuva nenhamba huru yevateveri, Liverpool, kuvatsamwisa kwavo, semuna 1988, yakagovera Leppings Lane End yeHillsborough diki, ine nhanho yekugara inosvikirwa kubva kune imwe block yematombo, uye terrace ye10,100 vakamira vataridzi, inopindwa nevanomwe chete. turnstiles.
Kunyangwe nemaitiro ezuva irori izvi zvaive zvisina kukwana uye zvakakonzera kuti vatsigiri veLiverpool vanodarika zviuru zvishanu vachitsikitsira kunze sezvo nguva yekutamba ya3pm yakasvika.Dai kutanga kwemutambo kwakanonoka, kupwanya kunogona kunge kwakagadziriswa.Panzvimbo iyoyo, Mutungamiriri weMapurisa eSouth Yorkshire Match Commander, David Duckenfield, akaraira kuti rimwe remagedhi ekubuda naro rivhurwe, zvichibvumira zviuru zviviri zvevateveri kuti vamhanye nepakati.
Avo vaikona kurudyi kana kuruboshwe vakananga kumapeni epakona vakawana nzvimbo.Nekudaro, vazhinji vakatungamira nekusaziva, vasina yambiro kubva kune vatariri kana mapurisa, kune yakatozara nechepakati peni, inowanikwa kuburikidza ne23m-yakareba mugero.
Sezvo mugero waizadza, avo vaiva kumberi kwetara vakazviwana vatsindirwa pamusoro pesimbi mesh perimeter fenzi, yakavakwa muna 1977 seyero yekurwisa hooligan.Zvinoshamisa, nevateveri vachitambura mukati mekuona kuzere kwemapurisa (avo vaive nekamuri yekudzora yakatarisana nemateru), mutambo wakatanga uye wakaenderera kweanoda kusvika maminetsi matanhatu kusvika kumiswa kwadaidzwa.
Sezvakanyorwa nechirangaridzo paLiverpool's Anfield ground, mudiki weHillsborough aive Jon-Paul Gilhooley ane makore gumi, muzukuru weamangwana Liverpool neEngland nyeredzi, Steven Gerrard.Mukuru wacho aiva Gerard Baron ane makore 67, mushandi weposvo akarega basa.Mukoma wake mukuru Kevin akanga atambira Liverpool mu 1950 Cup Final.
Vanomwe vevakafa vaive vakadzi, kusanganisira hanzvadzi dzechidiki, Sarah naVicki Hicks, avo baba vaivewo pamateru uye amai vavo vakaona njodzi ichiitika kubva padyo neNorth Stand.
MuChirevo chake Chekupedzisira, muna Ndira 1990, Lord Justice Taylor vakaisa pamberi akati wandei ekurudziro, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yaive yekuti zvikonzero zvese zvevakuru zvishandurwe kuve pekugara chete.Asi zvakatonyanya kukosha, akatemera vakuru venhabvu nemakirabhu basa rakakura kwazvo rekutungamira ruzhinji, ukuwo achikurudzira mapurisa kuti adzidziswe zvirinani uye kuti aenzanise kutonga veruzhinji nekusimudzira hukama hwakanaka.Sevazhinji vaive vachangosimukira vatsigiri venhabvu venguva iyoyo vaikakavadzana, vasina mhosva, vatevedzeri vemutemo vaive vaneta nekubatwa semahumbwe.
Muzvinafundo Phil Scraton, ane nhoroondo yakashata, Hillsborough - Chokwadi chakaburitswa makore gumi mushure mezuva rekufarisa, akataura nevakawanda paakabvunza mapurisa aya aibata fenzi."Kuridza mhere uye zvikumbiro zvekupererwa ... zvainzwika kubva kunharaunda yekutenderera."Vamwe vatsinhiri vakacherekedza hutsinye hwakanga hwaitwa nevakuru venzvimbo nekuda kweMiners' Strike, makore mashanu apfuura.
Asi zvakanyanya kuomarara zvakawira paMatch Commander wemapurisa, David Duckenfield.Akanga apiwa basa racho mazuva 19 chete zvisati zvaitika, uye uyu wakanga uri mutambo wake mukuru wokutanga mukutonga.
Zvichienderana nekutanga kupfupikiswa nemapurisa, Zuva rakapa mhosva yenjodzi yeHillsborough kune vateveri veLiverpool, vachivapomera kudhakwa, uye mune dzimwe nguva nekukanganisa nemaune mhinduro yechimbichimbi.Zvinonzi vatsigiri vakaitira mumwe mupurisa weti, uye kuti mari yakabiwa kubva kune vakaurayiwa.Husiku Hwose Zuva rakawana chinzvimbo chepariah paMerseyside.
Mutungamiriri Margaret Thatcher aisayemura nhabvu.Kusiyana neizvi, mukupindura kuwedzera kwehuhure mumitambo muma1980 hurumende yavo yanga iri mushishi yekudzika mutemo wainetsa weFootball Spectators' Act, waida kuti vateveri vese vapinde muchirongwa chekumanikidzira chitupa.Mai Thatcher vakashanyira Hillsborough zuva rakatevera njodzi nemunyori wavo wenhau Bernard Ingham uye Munyori Wezvemukati Douglas Hurd, asi vakangotaura nemapurisa nevakuru venzvimbo.Akaramba achitsigira vhezheni yemapurisa yezviitiko kunyangwe mushure mekunge Taylor Report yafumura manyepo avo.
Zvakadaro, sekutadza kuri mumutemo weFootball Spectators' Act zvave kubuda pachena, zvirevo zvawo zvakachinjwa kuti zviise simbiso pakuchengetedzwa kwenhandare kwete pamaitiro evaoni.Asi kuzvidza nhabvu kwaAmai Thatcher hakuna kumbokanganwika uye, vachitya kudzoserwa kwevanhu, makirabhu mazhinji akaramba kunyarara kweminiti imwe chete kuratidza kufa kwake muna 2013. Sir Bernard Ingham, panguva iyi, vakaramba vachipomera Liverpool vateveri kusvika munguva pfupi yapfuura sa2016.
Zvinorwadza zvikuru mhuri dzevanyajambwa vacho, gadziriro yapamutemo yokusimbisa maidi uye kupiwa mhaka kwave kuripo kwamakore anopfuura 30.
Muna 1991 jeri mudare recoroner rakawana nemutongo weruzhinji we9-2 uchitsigira kufa netsaona.Kuedza kwese kudzokorora mutongo uyu kwakakundikana.Muna 1998 Hillsborough Family Support Group yakatanga kumhan’ara kwakavanzika kwaDuckenfield nemutevedzeri wake, asi izviwo hazvina kubudirira.Pakupedzisira, mugore rekusvitsa makore makumi maviri hurumende yakazivisa kuti Hillsborough Independent Panel ichaumbwa.Izvi zvakatora makore matatu kugumisa kuti Duckenfield nevakuru vakuru vake vakanga vanyepa zvechokwadi kuitira kuti vabvise mhosva kune vateveri.
Kubvunzurudzwa kutsva kwakabva kwarairwa, zvichitora mamwe makore maviri dare redzimhosva risati rapidigura mutongo wevacoroners vekutanga uye vakatongwa muna 2016 kuti vakaurayiwa vaive vauraiwa zvisiri pamutemo.
Duckenfield akazotongwa kuPreston Crown Court muna Ndira 2019, chete kuti vatongi vatadze kuwana mutongo.Pakutongwa kwake gare gare gore rimwe chetero, kunyangwe akabvuma kunyepa, uye pasina kana chirevo chezvakawanikwa naTaylor Report, kusatendeseka kwemhuri dzeHillsborough Duckenfield akaregererwa achipomerwa mhosva yekuuraya munhu asina hanya.
Achiramba kutenda rekodhi yepamutemo yekufa kwemwanakomana wake wemakore gumi nemashanu Kevin kuHillsborough, Anne Willams, mushandi wenguva isina kuzara wemuchitoro kubva kuFormby, akarwisa nhimbe yake isinganeti.Kashanu zvichemo zvake zvekubvunzurudzwa kwematare zvakarambwa kusvika muna 2012 Hillsborough Independent Panel yakaongorora humbowo hwaakanga aunganidza - kunyangwe asina kudzidziswa zvemutemo - ndokupidigura mutongo wekutanga werufu netsaona.
Nehuchapupu hunobva kumupurisa akanga aenda kumwanakomana wake akakuvadzwa zvakanyanya, Williams akakwanisa kuratidza kuti Kevin akanga aramba ari mupenyu kusvikira 4pm pazuva - nguva refu mushure mokunge 3.15pm yakagura nzvimbo yakatarwa neyokutanga coroner - uye naizvozvo mapurisa neamburenzi. sevhisi yakanga yakundikana mubasa ravo rokuchengeta."Izvi ndizvo zvandakarwira," akaudza David Conn weThe Guardian, mumwe wevatori venhau vashoma kuti vataure nezvenyaya yese yemutemo."Handina kuzombokanda mapfumo pasi."Zvinosuruvarisa kuti akafa nekenza mazuva mashomanana gare gare.
Pamutemo, zvinoita sezvisingaite.Pfungwa dzevamhanzi dzave kukusimudzira 'Hillsborough Law'.Kana rikapasiswa, Bhiri rePublic Authority (Accountability) Bill raizoisa mutoro kuvashandi vehurumende kuti vashande nguva dzose maererano nezvido zveveruzhinji, zviri pachena, kutaura chokwadi uye kutaura chokwadi, uye kuti mhuri dzakafirwa dziwane mari yekumiririrwa zviri pamutemo pane kukwidza nyaya dzemutemo. mari ivo pachavo.Asi kuverengwa kwechipiri kwebhiri iri kwakanonoka - bhiri iri harina kufambira mberi muparamende kubva muna 2017.
Varatidziri veHillsborough vanoyambira kuti idzo nyaya dzakavhiringidza kuedza kwavo dzave kudzokororwa munyaya yeGrenfell Tower.
Teerera kumugadziri Peter Deakins achikurukura nezvekubatanidzwa kwake mukugadzirwa kweGrenfell tower block uye anofunga nezvenzvimbo yayo munhoroondo yekugara kwevanhu muBritain:
Hugely.The Taylor Report yakakurudzira kuti zvikonzero zvikuru zvigare-zvese mushure megore ra1994, uye kuti basa revakuru venzvimbo rinofanira kutarisirwa neChiremera cheMarezenisi cheBhola chichangobva kuumbwa (kubva chakatumidzwa zita reSports Grounds Safety Authority).Huwandu hwematanho matsva ane chekuita nezvido zvekurapa, kutaurirana neredhiyo, kutungamira uye kuchengetedza manejimendi zvave chiyero.Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti kuchengetedzwa kwave kuita basa revashandi venhandare, kwete mapurisa.Masemi fainari ese eFA Cup ave kuitirwa kuWembley.
Gore ra1989 risati rasvika pakaitika njodzi kuIbrox Park, Glasgow muna 1902 (26 akafa), Bolton muna 1946 (33 akafa), Ibrox zvakare muna 1971 (66 akafa) uye Bradford muna 1985 (56 akafa).Pakati pakanga paine makumi edzimwe nzufu dziri dzoga uye pedyo nekupotsa.
Kubva Hillsborough hapasati pamboita tsaona huru munhandare dzenhabvu dzekuBritain.Asi sekuyambira kwaTaylor pachake, muvengi mukuru wekuchengeteka kugadzikana.
Simon Inglis ndiye munyori wemabhuku akati wandei nezvenhoroondo yemitambo uye nhandare.Akataura nezve zvakazoitika kuHillsborough yeThe Guardian uye Observer, uye mu1990 akagadzwa senhengo yeBhola Rezinesi Rezinesi.Akagadzirisa zvinyorwa zviviri zveNhungamiro Yekuchengetedza paSports Grounds, uye kubvira 2004 anga ari mupepeti weThe Played in Britain series for English Heritage (www.playedinbritain.co.uk).
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-30-2020