NgoMgqibelo zi-15 kuMbasa 1989, abalandeli be-Liverpool abangaba ngu-96 ababethamele umdlalo owandulela owamanqamu we-FA Cup phakathi kwe-Liverpool ne-Nottingham Forest babulawa ngesikhathi kuqubuka ingxabano e-Hillsborough Stadium e-Sheffield.Okudabukisa kakhulu imindeni yezisulu, inqubo yomthetho yokuthola amaqiniso nokubeka icala ngenhlekelele yaseHillsborough isibekezelele iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30.
Ngokufa kwabantu abangama-96 kanye nokulimala abangama-766, iHillsborough iseyinhlekelele yezemidlalo embi kakhulu emlandweni waseBrithani.
Kamuva kulo nyaka, umdlalo omusha we-ITV u-Anne uzohlola umzamo womkhankaseli wezobulungisa u-Anne Williams wokuthola iqiniso ngokwenzekile, ngemva kokuba enqabile ukukholelwa irekhodi elisemthethweni lokushona kwendodana yakhe eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala uKevin e-Hillsborough.
Lapha, isazi-mlando sezemidlalo uSimon Inglis uchaza ukuthi inhlekelele yaseHillsborough yenzeka kanjani nokuthi kungani impi engokomthetho yokufakazela ukuthi abalandeli beLiverpool babulawa ngokungemthetho yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-27…
Kuwo wonke ama-20th century, i-FA Cup - eyasungulwa ngo-1871 futhi ngokungangabazeki umqhudelwano webhola lasekhaya odume kakhulu emhlabeni - yaheha izinkumbi zabantu.Amarekhodi okuba khona ayevamile.I-Wembley Stadium ibingeke idalwe, njengoba kwenzeka ngo-1922-23, ukube bekungengenxa yesikhalazo seNdebe esimangalisayo.
Ngokwesiko, owandulela owamanqamu wenkomishi ubudlalelwa ezinkundleni ezingathathi hlangothi, enye edume kakhulu iHillsborough, ikhaya laseSheffield ngoLwesithathu.Naphezu kocingo oluseduze lapho kulimala abalandeli abangu-38 ngesikhathi somdlalo owandulela owamanqamu ngo-1981, i-Hillsborough, enabantu abangu-54,000, yathathwa njengesinye sezizathu ezinhle kakhulu zaseBrithani.
Kanjalo, ngo-1988 yabamba enye isemi, Liverpool v Nottingham Forest, ngaphandle kwesigameko.Ngakho-ke kwabonakala kuyisinqumo esisobala lapho, ngokuqondana, amakilabhu womabili etholana phezulu emdlalweni ofanayo ngemva konyaka, mhla ziyi-15 kuMbasa 1989.
Naphezu kokuba nabalandeli abaningi, i-Liverpool, ekucasuleni kwabo, njengoba ngo-1988, yabelwa i-Leppings Lane End encane yase-Hillsborough, ehlanganisa isiteji esihlezi esitholakala endaweni eyodwa yama-turnstiles, kanye nethala lezibukeli ezimile eziyi-10,100, ezitholwa abantu abayisikhombisa kuphela. ama-turntile.
Ngisho nangezindinganiso zosuku lokhu bekungenele futhi kubangele abalandeli beLiverpool abangaphezu kuka-5,000 XNUMX becindezela ngaphandle njengoba kusondela u-3pm.Ukube ukuqala komdlalo kubambezelekile, kungenzeka ukuthi i-crush iphumelele.Esikhundleni salokho, Umkhuzi Womdlalo Wamaphoyisa aseNingizimu Yorkshire, uDavid Duckenfield, uyalele ukuthi kuvulwe amasango okuphuma, avumele abalandeli abangu-2,000 XNUMX ukuba bangene ngesivinini.
Labo abajikela kwesokudla noma kwesobunxele bebheke emakhoneni bathola indawo.Kodwa-ke, iningi lahamba lingazi, ngaphandle kwezixwayiso ezivela kubaphathi noma emaphoyiseni, eziya epeni eliphakathi nendawo elivele ligcwele phama, elitholakala ngomhubhe ongu-23m ubude.
Njengoba umhubhe ugcwala, labo ababengaphambi kwethala bazithola becindezelwe ocingweni lwe-steel mesh, olwakhiwa ngo-1977 njengendlela yokulwa ne-hooligan.Ngokumangalisayo, abalandeli behlukunyezwa ngokusemthethweni phambi kwamaphoyisa (abanegumbi lokulawula elibheke ithala), umdlalo waqala futhi waqhubeka cishe imizuzu eyisithupha kwaze kwamiswa.
Njengoba kuqoshwe isikhumbuzo enkundleni ye-Anfield yase-Liverpool, isisulu esincane sase-Hillsborough kwakungu-Jon-Paul Gilhooley oneminyaka engu-10 ubudala, umzala wenkanyezi ye-Liverpool ne-England yakusasa, uSteven Gerrard.Omdala kwakunguGerard Baron oneminyaka engu-67 ubudala, isisebenzi saseposini eselathatha umhlalaphansi.Umfowabo omdala uKevin wayedlale iLiverpool ku-1950 Cup Final.
Abayisikhombisa kwabashonile ngabesifazane, okuhlanganisa nodadewabo abasebasha, uSarah noVicki Hicks, uyise naye owayesesitezini futhi unina wazibonela le nhlekelele eyenzeka eduze kwaseNorth Stand.
Embikweni wakhe Wokugcina, ngoJanuwari 1990, u-Lord Justice Taylor wabeka phambili izincomo ezimbalwa, ezaziwa kakhulu ukuthi zonke izizathu eziphezulu ziguqulwe zibe yindawo yokuhlala kuphela.Kodwa okubaluleke nakakhulu, waphinde wabeka ezikhulwini zebhola kanye namakilabhu umthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu kakhulu wokuphatha izixuku, ngesikhathi esifanayo enxusa amaphoyisa ukuthi aqeqeshwe kangcono futhi alinganise ukulawulwa komphakathi nokukhuthaza ubudlelwano obuhle.Njengoba iningi labalandeli bebhola abasafufusa bangaleso sikhathi babephikisana, abalandeli abangenacala, abahlonipha umthetho bacikwa ukuphathwa njengezixhwanguxhwangu.
USolwazi Phil Scraton, i-akhawunti yakhe embi, i-Hillsborough - IQiniso eyashicilelwa eminyakeni eyi-10 ngemuva kwalolu suku olubi, uzwakalise abaningi ngesikhathi ebuza lawo maphoyisa aphethe uthango."Ukukhala kanye nezicelo zokuphelelwa yithemba... bekuzwakala ku-perimeter track."Abanye abahlaziyi baphawule indlela izikhulu zendawo ezibe nesihluku ngayo ngenxa yeSiteleka Sabavukuzi, eminyakeni emihlanu ngaphambili.
Kodwa okugqame kakhulu kwawela kuMatch Commander wamaphoyisa, uDavid Duckenfield.Wayenikezwe umsebenzi ezinsukwini ezingu-19 kuphela ngaphambili, futhi lona bekuwumdlalo wakhe wokuqala omkhulu ewuphethe.
Ngokusekelwe emazwini okuqala ngamaphoyisa, ILanga labeka icala ngenhlekelele yaseHillsborough kubalandeli beLiverpool, libasola ngokudakwa, futhi kwezinye izimo ngokuvimbela ngamabomu impendulo ephuthumayo.Kuthiwa abalandeli balichamele iphoyisa, kwantshontshwa imali kwabashonile.Ngokuphazima kweso ILanga lizuze isimo se-pariah eMerseyside.
UNdunankulu uMargaret Thatcher ubengalithandi ibhola.Ngokuphambene nalokho, ekuphenduleni ukwanda kobuxhwanguxhwangu emidlalweni ngeminyaka yawo-1980 uhulumeni wakhe wawusohlelweni lokumisa uMthetho Wezibukeli Zebhola Lezinyawo eziyimpikiswano, owawudinga bonke abalandeli ukuba bajoyine uhlelo lukamazisi oluyimpoqo.UNkz Thatcher uvakashele eHillsborough ngosuku lwangemva kwenhlekelele nonobhala wakhe wezindaba uBernard Ingham kanye noNobhala Wezangaphakathi uDouglas Hurd, kodwa wakhuluma namaphoyisa nezikhulu zendawo kuphela.Uqhubekile nokusekela inguqulo yamaphoyisa yemicimbi ngisho nangemva kokuba umbiko kaTaylor udalule amanga awo.
Noma kunjalo, njengoba amaphutha atholakala kuMthetho Wezibukeli Zebhola manje sekubonakala, imigomo yawo yashintshwa ukuze kugcizelelwe ukuphepha kwenkundla esikhundleni sokuziphatha kwababukeli.Kodwa ukudelela kukaNkk Thatcher ngebhola akuzange kulibaleke futhi, ngenxa yokwesaba ukuhlehla komphakathi, amakilabhu amaningi enqaba ukuvumela ukuthula komzuzu owodwa kuphawule ukufa kwakhe ngo-2013. USir Bernard Ingham, okwamanje, waqhubeka nokusola abalandeli beLiverpool kuze kube muva nje ngo-2016.
Okudabukisa kakhulu imikhaya yezisulu, inqubo engokomthetho yokuthola amaqiniso nokusho ukuthi banecala iye yakhuthazelela iminyaka engaphezu kuka-30.
Ngo-1991 ijaji enkantolo yomphenyi wamacala atholakala ngesinqumo seningi lama-9–2 esivuna ukufa ngengozi.Yonke imizamo yokubukeza leso sinqumo iye yaphazamiseka.Ngo-1998 i-Hillsborough Family Support Group yethula ukushushiswa kwangasese kukaDuckenfield nesekela lakhe, kodwa nalokhu akuphumelelanga.Ekugcineni, onyakeni wokugubha iminyaka engu-20 uhulumeni wamemezela ukuthi kuzosungulwa Iphaneli Elizimele Elizimele lase-Hillsborough.Lokhu kuthathe iminyaka emithathu ukuphetha ngokuthi uDuckenfield nezikhulu zakhe babeqambe amanga ngempela ukuze bajikise icala kubalandeli.
Kwabe sekuyalelwa uphenyo olusha, okwathatha eminye iminyaka emibili ngaphambi kokuthi amajaji achithe isinqumo sabahloli bamajaji bokuqala futhi kwanqunywa ngo-2016 ukuthi izisulu zabulawa ngokungemthetho.
UDuckenfield wagcina ebhekane necala eNkantolo yasePreston Crown ngoJanuwari 2019, kuphela lapho amajaji ahluleka khona ukukhipha isinqumo.Ekuqulweni kwecala lakhe kamuva ngawo lowo nyaka, naphezu kokuvuma ukuthi wayeqamba amanga, futhi engakaze abhekisele kokutholwe yi-Taylor Report, ekukhohliseni kwemindeni yase-Hillsborough uDuckenfield wakhululwa ngamacala obudedengu obukhulu bokubulala.
Enqaba ukukholelwa irekhodi elisemthethweni lokushona kwendodana yakhe eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala u-Kevin e-Hillsborough, u-Anne Willams, isisebenzi sasesitolo setoho saseFormby, walwela owakhe umkhankaso ongaphezi.Izicelo zakhe zokuthi kubuyekezwe izikhathi ezinhlanu zenqatshwa kwaze kwaba ngowezi-2012 i-Hillsborough Independent Panel yahlola ubufakazi ayebuqoqile - naphezu kokungaqeqesheki kwakhe kwezomthetho - futhi yachitha isinqumo sokuqala sokufa ngengozi.
Ngobufakazi obuvela ephoyiseni wesifazane owayehambele indodana yakhe eyayilimele kabi, uWilliams wakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi uKevin wayesaphila kwaze kwaba ngu-4pm ngosuku - isikhathi eside ngemva kokuba i-3.15pm inqamule iphuzu elibekwe u-coroner wokuqala - ngakho-ke amaphoyisa kanye ne-ambulensi. inkonzo yehlulekile emsebenzini wabo wokunakekela."Yilokhu ebengikulwela," utshele uDavid Conn weThe Guardian, enye yezintatheli ezimbalwa ukuthi ikhulume ngayo yonke indaba yezomthetho.“Ngangingeke ngiyeke.”Ngokudabukisayo, wabulawa umdlavuza ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva.
Ngasohlangothini lwezomthetho, kubonakala kungenjalo.Ukunaka kwabakhankasi manje sekuphendukele ekukhuthazeni 'umthetho wase-Hillsborough'.Uma uphasiswa, uMthethosivivinywa Weziphathimandla Zomphakathi (Ukuziphendulela) uzobeka umthwalo kubasebenzi bakahulumeni ukuthi basebenze ngaso sonke isikhathi ngendlela ezuzisa umphakathi, ngokungafihli lutho, ngokungagwegwesi nangokungagwegwesi, futhi ukuze imindeni eshonelwe ithole uxhaso lwezimali zokumeleleka ngokusemthethweni esikhundleni sokuba iphakamise umthetho. izimali ngokwabo.Kepha ukufundwa kwesibili kwalo mthethosivivinywa kubambezelekile - lo mthethosivivinywa awuqhubeki ephalamende kusukela ngo-2017.
Abakhankasi baseHillsborough baxwayisa ngokuthi zona lezi zindaba ezithiye imizamo yabo manje seziyaphindaphindwa endabeni yeGrenfell Tower.
Lalela umakhi u-Peter Deakins exoxa ngokubamba iqhaza kwakhe ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo sombhoshongo waseGrenfell futhi ucubungula indawo yawo emlandweni wezindlu zomphakathi eBrithani:
Kakhulu.Umbiko kaTaylor uphakamise ukuthi izizathu ezinkulu zihlale ziphelele ngemva kuka-1994, nokuthi indima yeziphathimandla zendawo kufanele yenganyelwe Isiphathimandla Sokugunyazwa Kwebhola Lezinyawo esasisanda kumiswa (selokhu saqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi Isiphathimandla Sokuphepha Sendawo Yezemidlalo).Uhlu lwezinyathelo ezintsha eziphathelene nezidingo zezokwelapha, ukuxhumana ngomsakazo, ukuqondisa kanye nokuphathwa kokuphepha sekuyinsakavukela.Okubalulekile ukuthi ukuphepha sekuwumthwalo wabaphathi bezinkundla, hhayi amaphoyisa.Wonke ama-semi final e-FA Cup manje aseWembley.
Ngaphambi kuka-1989 kube nezinhlekelele e-Ibrox Park, eGlasgow ngo-1902 (u-26 ushonile), e-Bolton ngo-1946 (u-33 ushonile), u-Ibrox futhi ngo-1971 (u-66 ushonile) kanye no-Bradford ngo-1985 (u-56 ushonile).Phakathi kwaba khona inqwaba yezinye izingozi ezingazodwa kanye nokugejwa eduze.
Kusukela eHillsborough azikho izingozi ezinkulu ezikhona ezinkundleni zebhola laseBritain.Kodwa njengoba uTaylor ngokwakhe exwayisile, isitha esikhulu sokuphepha wukunganeliseki.
USimon Inglis ungumbhali wezincwadi ezimbalwa zomlando wezemidlalo nezinkundla.Ubike ngemiphumela yeHillsborough yeThe Guardian and Observer, kwathi ngo-1990 waqokwa njengelungu leSigungu Esilawula Ilayisensi Yebhola.Uhlele izinhlelo ezimbili ze-The Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds, futhi kusukela ngo-2004 ube ngumhleli wochungechunge oludlalwa e-Britain lwe-English Heritage (www.playedinbritain.co.uk).
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-30-2020